Peradaban Islam Di Dunia, Traces of the History of Islamic Civilization

(Peradaban Islam Di Dunia)  - The development of Islam since 14 centuries ago has also colored the history of world civilization. In fact, the rapid development of Islam, both in the west and east, in the 8th to 13th centuries AD was able to control various civilizations that existed before.

There is nothing wrong with Islamic civilization (Peradaban Islam Di Dunia) being considered one of the most influential civilizations in the world. In fact, until now, various types of Islamic civilization can still be seen in a number of countries that were former Islamic rule, for example Baghdad (Iraq), Andalusia (Spain), Fatimids (Egypt), Ottoman (Turkey), Damascus, Kufa, Syria, and so on. .

According to Ma'ruf Misbah, Ja'far Sanusi, Abdullah Qusyairi, and Syaid Sya'roni in their book History of Islamic Civilization, there are at least two causes and processes for the growth of Islamic civilization, both from within and outside Islam. From within Islam, the development of Islamic culture and civilization is because it comes directly from the Qur'an and the sunnah which has extraordinary power.

Meanwhile, from outside Islam, Islamic civilization developed due to the process of spreading Islam which was based on the spirit of unity, the development of state institutions, the development of science, and the expansion of Islamic regions.

According to Ma'ruf Misbah et al, the development of Islamic civilization based on the spirit of Islamic unity has been instilled by the Prophet Muhammad since the beginning of the development of Islam in the Middle East. Then, in practice, along with the wider area of ​​Islamic rule, friction or the culture of the local community influences Muslims to adopt and color local civilizations that are adapted to Islamic teachings.

From this kind of process, Islamic civilization continues to develop from the civilization of culture, buildings, languages, customs, to science.

Director of the Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought and Civilization (INSISTS), Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi, said that Islamic civilization (Peradaban Islam Di Dunia)  is a civilization of knowledge. ''The substance of Islamic civilization is like a tree (syajarah) whose roots are firmly planted in the earth, while its branches soar to the sky and give mercy to the universe. The root is Islamic theology (tawhid) which has an epistemological dimension,'' he said.

''Then, it developed into a tradition of understanding the Koran so that Islamic intellectuals were born. From this tradition, a community was formed so that it gave birth to the concept of science and Islamic scientific disciplines. From here, the social, political, economic and cultural systems of Islam were born,'' he explained.

Ma'ruf added that the development of Islamic civilization  (Peradaban Islam Di Dunia)  was due to Islam laying the foundations of pure belief. ''Human belief is only in God, not in objects, lust, or splendor. All humanitarian work is for Allah alone. No one needs to be worshiped and worshiped, except Allah,'' he wrote.

Therefore, it is not surprising that in the end the power of Islam based on the Koran was able to conquer various regions of the country. Starting from the time of the Prophet, then continued in the time of Khulafaur Rashidun, until the tabiin period and the emergence of various Islamic dynasties in a number of countries, such as the Abbasid, Umayyad, Fatimid, Ottoman, Mamluk, and so on.

From that belief, Muslims are able to form new civilizations and new cultures to produce various kinds of civilizations in the Islamic territory.

As is known, the spread of Islam to various regions has resulted in cultural exchanges between one country and another.

The cultural fields that began to grow in the early days of Islam were (a) the art of civil construction, such as the construction of buildings, palaces, and government offices; (b) building art for worship; (c) the art of military defense buildings, such as forts; etc.

During the time of Khulafaur Rashidun, a number of departments were also formed to take care of the needs of the Islamic state, such as the department of political affairs (nizham al-siyasyi), the department of state administration (nizham al-Idary), the department of economy and finance (nizham al-Maly), the department of the armed forces (nizham al-Harby), and the department of judicial affairs and judicial power (nizham al-Qadla). In addition, the growth of science also began to grow such as the science of interpretation, qiraat, hadith science, nahwu, and so on.

Getting to Know the Figures and Heritage of Islamic Civilization (Peradaban Islam Di Dunia) 

According to Ma'ruf Misbah et al in his book History of Islamic Civilization, Islamic civilization from the Abbasid period to the Umayyad dynasty can be divided into several forms, namely the city center of Islamic civilization, buildings, inventions, and characters.

City center of civilization

Cities that are famous for being the center of civilization of the Abbasid dynasty include:

Baghdad

This city is the most beautiful because it was worked on by more than 100 thousand workers led by Hajaj bin Arthal and Amran bin Wadldlah. In this city, there is a palace in the city center, employee dormitories, the house of the police chief, and the house of the caliph's family.

The palace is named Qasruzzabad which has an area of ​​160,000 square cubits. Made very beautiful by stretching the four main roads out of town. On the left and right of the road, a multi-storey building is built. Outside the city of Baghdad, satellite cities were built, such as Rushafah and Karakh. Both cities are equipped with offices, shops, houses, parks, ponds, and more. Therefore, the city of Baghdad became the dream city of the whole world.

Samarra

It is located east of the Tigris River, approximately 60 kilometers from Baghdad. The city is very beautiful, comfortable and organized. The name 'Samarra' was given by the Caliph Al-Mansur. When the inauguration of the city, many people were impressed by its beauty.

This is in accordance with the name Samarra which comes from the word 'Sarra Man Ra'a' which means happy to look at him. In this city, there are 17 very beautiful, beautiful, and tiny palaces that are examples of Islamic building art in other cities.

Seville

It is one of the most beautiful cities in Spain and is located on the banks of the River Guadal Quivir. It was once the capital of the Mulukuththawaif Kingdom.

In this city, long ago, a very magnificent mosque was built. However, now the mosque has become the Church of Santa Maria. The tower reaches 70 meters with a base of about 13.60 meters.

Granada

This city has fertile land. In this city, built a palace that is very famous until now, namely the Palace of Granada which was made by the kings of Akhmar and named al-Hambra.

Cordoba

The city was founded by Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil (Abdurrahman the Conqueror, died 852 AD). The golden peak was experienced during the reign of Sultan Abdurrahman III who had the title An-Nasyir (d 961 AD). Cordoba became a model city in all of Europe because other cities were very dirty, muddy, dark and deserted. Meanwhile, Cordoba is very beautiful, bright, clean, and beautiful to the eye.

Qahirah or Cairo

The city of Cairo was founded by Jauhar As-Saqali in 358 AH as the center of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt. In this city, there is Al-Azhar University which accommodates thousands of students from all over the world.

In addition to Al-Azhar University, in this city there is also the Amru bin Ash Mosque.

Buildings

Madrasa

During the Abbasid dynasty, science developed rapidly. At this time, a madrasa was established which was named Nizhamiyyah and was founded by Nizamul Mulk, a prime minister. Not only in Baghdad, this nizhamiyah school was also established in other cities, such as the Balkans, Muro, Tabrisan, Naisabur, Hara, Isfahan, Mosul, Basrah, and others.

Kutab

It is a place for students to study (students) with low to medium level lessons.

Mosque

Besides being used as a means of worship, the mosque is also used as a place for high-level learning. Majeslis Munadlarah

It is a meeting place for poets, thinkers, and scholars to discuss various scientific topics. These assemblies are found in many cities.

Darul Wisdom

Is the largest library in this era. It was founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and continued by the caliph Al-Ma'mun (Almamoon).

Great Mosque of Cordoba

Built in 786 AD This mosque can accommodate up to 80 thousand people. Its length reaches 175 meters, while the poles are 1400 pieces with a height of 20 meters. The dome is supported by 300 marble pillars. The mosque has now become a church.

Ibn Taulon Mosque, Cairo

Built in 876 AD by Sultan Ahmad Ibn Taulon. Above the walls are longitudinal beams decorated with verses from the Koran. This beam was taken from Mount Ararat (Armenia, Turkey) by Ibn Taulon. The pillars resemble gothic art in the Christian Church. The decoration is in Arabic.

Al-Hambra Palace in Cordoba (Spain)

Al-Hambra is a beautiful palace. Inside there is a mosque named Al-Mulk (Sultan's Mosque). This mosque was founded by Sultan Muhammad II.

Taj Mahal

Is a beautiful building encrusted with pearl quality manikam created by Sultan Sheikh Jehan (1628-1657). This place was made as an offering to his empress who died. The Taj Mahal is located in Agra, India.

Inventions and characters

In the history of Islamic civilization (Peradaban Islam Di Dunia)  for approximately eight centuries experiencing its heyday, many discoveries have been made by Islamic scientists in the field of science, including the following. Philosophy

The characters include Al-Kindi (194-260 H/809-873 AD), Al-Farabi (w 390 H/961 AD), Ibn Bajah (w 523 H), Ibn Thufail (w 581 H), and Ibn Sina ( 370-428 AH/980-1037 AD). Ibn Sina, besides being known as a philosopher, he is also known as the father of Islamic medicine. He wrote many works, such as Qanun fi Thib, Asy-Syifa, and others.

In addition to the names above, another figure is Al-Ghazali (450-505 H/1058-1101 AD). Some of his works are Ihya Ulum Al-Din, Tahafut al-Falasifah, and al-Munqizh Minadl Dhalal.

Then, there is Ibn Rushd (520-595 H/1126-1198 AD). His compositions are Mabdiul Falasifah, Kasyful Afillah, and Al-Hawi in the field of medicine. Medical science

Besides Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd, other figures were Jabir bin Hayyan (w 161 H/778 AD), Hunain bin Ishaq (194-264 H/810-878 AD), Thabib bin Qurra (d 901 AD), and Ar-Razi (251-313 AH/809-873 AD). Mathematics

Two of the figures include Umar Al-Farukhan (architect of the construction of the City of Baghdad) and Al-Khwarizmi (author of the book Al-Jabar who also discovered the number zero (0)).

Meanwhile, the numbers 1-9 come from India which was developed by Islam. Therefore, the numbers 1-9 are also called Arabic numerals. However, after the discovery of the Latins, his name was called with Latin numerals. Astronomy

Astrological figures or Islamic scientists in this field are Al-Fazari, Al-Battani, Abu Wafak and Al-Farghoni. Carving

In this field, Muslims are quite well known for their artistic creations on ink bottles, chessboards, umbrellas, flower fittings, birds and trees. The characters include Al-Badr and Al-Tariff around the years 961-976 AD. The art of carving was developed not only on wood but also on metal, gold, silver, marble, currency, and porcelain. (Peradaban Islam Di Dunia)